Herreshoff #187903es Lodola [Goody-Two-Shoes] (No 8)

"[1879-05-03] Sat 3: [From Cash Account in 1878 NGH diary:] [Paid] Herreshoff Mfg. Co. Work on catamaran [apparently #187903es Lodola] to date. [$]188.49.
[1879-05-17] Sat 17: [From Cash Account in 1878 NGH diary:] [Paid] H[erreshoff] Mfg. Co. Work on catamaran [apparently #187903es Lodola] & wondrig[?]. [$]282.41.
[1879-05-31] Sat 31: [From Cash Account in 1878 NGH diary:] [Received from] H[erreshoff] Mf. Co for Sabrina's [#187803es]. [$]415.00. [Paid] [HMCo] Work on catamaran [#187903es Lodola] & Sabrina's [#187803es]. [$]113.20.
[1879-06-14] Sat 14: [From Cash Account in 1878 NGH diary:] P[ai]d [HMCo] Catamaran # 8 [#187903es Lodola] and Sabrina's [#187803es] (By ch[eque] on N.E. B[ank] 5496). [$]104.96.
[1880-02-14] Sat 14: [From Cash Account in 1878 NGH diary:] P[ai]d H.M.Co. [for] work on catamaran (1879) [#187903es Lodola]. [$]7.65.
[1880-10-17] Sun 17: Oct 17, 1880. Lodola. Bristol to Spring Green. Wind fresh SW & W, strong ebb. 3 on board, small sails. Wharf 8-58, Pop[asquash] P[oin]t 9-14 1/2, 16 1/2 [min], Ohio [Ledge] buoy 9-25 1/2, 11 [min], Conimicut 9-36, 10 1/2 [min], Sp[ring] Green 9-47, 11 [min]. [Performance Analysis: Bristol Wharf to Pop[asquash] P[oin]t: 1.51nm in 16.5min at 5.5kn. Pop[asquash] P[oin]t to Ohio [Ledge] buoy: 2.37nm in 11.0min at 12.9kn. Ohio [Ledge] buoy to Conimicut [Light]: 2.39nm in 10.5min at 13.7kn. Conimicut [Light] to Sp[ring] Green [W-side of Turtle Cove]: 2.22nm in 11.0min at 12.1kn. SUM: 8.49nm in 49.0min at 10.4kn.] [This entry in space intended for May 4, 1878.]
[1882-10-21] Sat 21: Lodola [#187903es]. One on board. Popasquash Point to Point St. Bridge and return, 1h 58 1/2m. Up, Pop[asquash] P[oin]t to Conimicut 23m. Conimicut to Fox Pt. 27m. Total 60m. Down, Fox Pt. to Sabine Pt. 17m. Sabine to Conimicut 15m. Conimicut to Pop[asquash] Pt. 20 1/2m. Total 52 1/2. Wind fresh, but unsteady E.N.E. Tide small flood. [Performance Analysis: Total trip Popasquash Point to Point St. Bridge in Providence and return: 22.57nm in 118.5min at 11.4kn. UP: Pop[asquash] P[oin]t to Conimicut: 4.74nm in 23.0min at 12.4kn. Conimicut to Fox Pt.: 6.40nm in 27.0min at 14.2kn. SUM: 11.14nm in 50.0min at 13.4kn. DOWN: Fox Pt. to Sabine Pt: 3.31nm in 17.0min at 11.7kn. Sabine to Conimicut: 3.09nm in 15.0min at 12.4kn. Conimicut to Popasquash Pt.: 4.74nm in 20.5min at 13.9kn. SUM: 11.14nm in 52.5min at 12.7kn. TOTAL: 22.28nm in 102.5min at 13.0kn.]
[1888-05-17] Thu 17: Fine cool day, fresh NW [wind]. Stiletto [#118p] left for Newport. Launched Lodola [#187903es].
[1888-05-19] Sat 19: Rain all last night and morning. Fair afternoon. Lodola [#187903es] sold and left for Prov[idence]. ..." (Source: Herreshoff, Nathanael G. Diary, 1879 to 1888. Manuscript (excerpts). Herreshoff Marine Museum Collection [1879-1888]. Diary access courtesy of Halsey C. Herreshoff [1882].)

"My Own Boats. Except a few that will be mentioned as half-owner. ...
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1879 GOODY-TWO-SHOES - Catamaran 31' was rigged with a leg-o-mutton mainsail and after a month or so, sold to Mr. [blank] to be taken to San Francisco. [This quote may be in error and NGH may have been referring to #187805es Zarifa. See research note.]"
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1879 LODOLA -31' catamaran and the best of the tribe. I used her a good deal in [the] fall of 1879 [and in 18]80 and 1881." (Source: Herreshoff, N. G. "My Own Boats. Except a few that Will be Mentioned as Half-Owner." Bristol, (originally compiled 1892 with additions in) 1929. In: Pinheiro, Carlton J. (ed.). Recollections and Other Writings by Nathanael G. Herreshoff. Bristol, 1998, p. 114.)

"June 12, 1930 ...
Dear Mr. Stevens: [corrected to Stephens]
... Of course the fin keel or catamaran are not type[s] for cruising yachts, any more than your canoes were. Nor a type for big yachts. But as I look back to the past, I enjoyed sailing my catamarans more than any type I ever had, and the fin keels come next. ...
Very truly yours,
Nathanael G. Herreshoff" (Source: Letter 3. From N. G. Herreshoff to W. P. Stephens, dated June 12, 1930. In: Herreshoff, Nathanael Greene and William Picard Stephens. "Their Last Letters 1930-1938." Annotated by John W. Streeter. Bristol, R. I., ca. 1999, p. 19-21.)

"I then had built the catamaran LODOLA (# 8), which was the best and most perfect of the lot, and sailed in her a great deal for three and one-half seasons, until CONSUELO was built, and even had her in use for [a] half season till I sold her in 1886 or 7. In this catamaran, I rode out a young hurricane that occurred while cruising on the annual vacation. I was anchored below Sabin Point in [the] Providence River, with tent set, under which I passed the night holding a lead line to know if LODOLA was dragging. The tent was so streamline[d] in form it stood O.K., but the violent rain was like a heavy mist inside. [NGH was probably referring to the hurricane of August 18, 1879, a major hurricane that more than a hundred years later would still be remembered.]" (Source: Herreshoff, N. G. "Some of the Boats I Have Sailed In." Written 1934. In: Pinheiro, Carlton J. (ed.). Recollections and Other Writings by Nathanael G. Herreshoff. Bristol, 1998, p. 52-53.)

"Feb. 3, 1936
Dear Mr. Stephens -
... Yes, - AMARYLLIS was my first catamaran, and [I] contrived it while I was with Corliss Steam Engine Co. I had charge of starting up the great (at that time) Corliss Engine at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 76 and after being there for about a fortnight to instruct the regular engineers, I took a furlough and came home to try out the double-boat that John had nearly completed for me. The next year I made many improvements that I patented and got another leave of absence from Mr. Corliss to try building catamarans, and built JOHN GILPIN, TEAZER & (?) [ARION] on orders at $750 each and TARANTELLA for myself. I hired my own men and worked hard myself turning all out in less than 3 months; but it was a losing job and I went back to Corliss' in the fall. I sold TARANTELLA, and built LODOLA in 1879 and used her several years with great pleasure.
Yours sincerely,
Nathl. G. Herreshoff" (Source: Letter 19. From N. G. Herreshoff to W. P. Stephens, dated February 3, 1936. In: Herreshoff, Nathanael Greene and William Picard Stephens. "Their Last Letters 1930-1938." Annotated by John W. Streeter. Bristol, R. I., ca. 1999, p. 133-134.)

"[NGH] also designed at least two other catamarans which were built by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company after he had become a partner in the firm. They were 'Goody-Two-Shoes' in 1879, rigged with a leg o' mutton mainsail [sic, that was #187805es Zarifa of 1878 which was shipped to San Francisco] , and 'Lodola' in 1879. This latter craft Captain Nat used himself in the seasons of 1879, 1880, and 1881, and, as he said, was the best of the tribe." (Source: Herreshoff, L. Francis. The Wizard of Bristol. The Life and Achievements of Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, together with An Account of Some of the Yachts he Designed. New York, 1953, p. 79.)

"... A Side Show. Mr. Herreshoff's latest catamaran, Goodie-Two-Shoes, had a tussel with one of his earliest productions, the Tarantella [#187704es], owned by Mr. Hughes, of New York. They left New London the same time as the racing yachts and were at the Manhasset Dock about as soon as the Phantom turned the mark boat. The Goodie-Two-Shoes [sic] is 33 feet long and 19 feet across both hulls, being the same dimensions, I believe, as the Tarantella [#187704es]. ..." (Source: Anon. "Yachting. Exciting Race Between the Eastern and Atlantic Fleets. Across the Sound. From New London to Shelter Island." New York Herald, June 29, 1879, p. 6.)

"The U. S. School Ship Constellation, Captain F. B. McNair, arrived here on Tuesday morning last. The Captain and officers of the ship visited the Herreshoff Manufacturing Co.'s Works Wednesday [August 13, 1879] morning and inspected the various departments of that establishment, and were then taken in the steamer Javelin [#52p] to the summer residence of Gen. Burnside, where they were hospitably entertained. After their return to the ship Captain McNair and some of the officers were treated to a sail in one of Mr. Nathaniel G. Herresfoff's catamaran's [apparently #187903es Lodola], which, sailing at a speed of over 20 miles an hour, was an agreeable surprise to them. The Constellation sailed from here Wednesday evening." (Source: Anon. "Local Notes." Bristol Phoenix, August 16, 1879, p. 2.)

"NGH produced seven catamarans, starting in 1875 with Amaryllis, built by JBH's boatyard crew. Two years later, after patenting his design, NGH went into business for himself, offering catamarans in three sizes: a 20-footer for three to four persons, a 25-footer for five to six persons, and a 32-footer for seven or eight, 'these to be furnished complete with anchors and cables, storm jibs, built of the best material, and guaranteed.' The endeavor proved unsuccessful, and only three more catamarans were built under this arrangement. Their cost was higher than anticipated, and, after a brief return in the fall of 1877 to the Corliss Steam Engine Co., NGH joined his brother to form the Herreshoff Mfg. Co. Lodola was NGH's final catamaran, and e claimed she was the best of the lot. She was built --- along with two others --- by the Herreshoff Mfg. Co. in its early years. After using Lodola for three-and-a-half seasons and reaching the age of thirty-five, NGH decided to try more conventional sailing craft. His first cat-yawl, Consuelo [#400s], came out in 1883, the first year of his marriage, but it was several years before he disposed of the catamaran Lodola.
Light weight was far more critical to the performance of a catamaran than to that of any of the other boats NGH had sailed, and he became almost evangelical in describing the virtues of cruising with light and simple gear (this philosophy was recorded in an 1877 article in The Spirit of the Times). He was most upset with the Centennial Regatta race committee when they disqualified his Amaryllis [#1232s] on the grounds that the race she'd just won was for cruising boats --- and that Amaryllis lacked cruising accommodations. In those days, NGH considered a boom tent, such as shown here, to be a perfectly acceptable cabin. ...
Although never widely accepted in their day, the NGH catamarans could really sail! On one cruise, NGH did 18 m.p.h. over a measured course, and another time he was sure he hit 22 m.p.h. The work at the Herreshoff Mfg. Co., however, soon became too demanding for continued catamaran development, and no more were built until the company's twilight years, when NGH was well into his retirement." (Source: Bray, Maynard and Carlton Pinheiro. Herreshoff of Bristol. Brooklin, Maine, 1989, p. 13.)

"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled 'N.G. Herreshoff. Bristol. Bolts for arms. Nos. 2 [#187703es JOHN GILPIN (No 2)] - 3 [#187705es TEASER (No 3)] - 4 [#187701es ARION (No 4)] - 5 [#187704es TARANTELLA (No 5)] - 6 [#187801es DUPLEX (No 6)] - 7 [#187805es ZARIFA (No 7)] - Hunkers[?] - 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)]'. With notes '8 - 5/8in bolts (4 - 12 3/4in long, 4 - 15 1/4in long' and 'bolts bent to this angle' and 'short ones straight. All drilled for 7/32in bolts' and '1/4in for #1232' [indicating that this plan was also used in 1933 to build AMARYLLIS II]. On verso more unidentified penciled sketches and calculations. Undated (1877, with additions in 1878, 1879 and 1933)." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00120. Folder [no #]. No date (between 1877-04 and 1877-07 with additions in 1878, 1879 and 1933).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled in lower right corner 'TARANTELLA [#187704es]' and showing forged links for the supporting structure of a Herreshoff catamaran. With notes like '8ft 4in long. [center] to [center]', '2 of this. 9ft long. [center] to end. [with addition in red pencil:] (# 8) correct' [# 8 is a reference to #187903es LODOLA, the 8th catamaran built], 'one with turn buckle, see mast step drawing. 10ft 10in [center] to [center]' and 'One 8ft 9in [center] to [center]' [with additionin red pencil:] (# 8) 7ft 10in long'. Undated (TARANTELLA was built between April and July 1877. With additions in 1879)." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00140. Folder [no #]. No date (between 1877-04 and 1877-07 with addition in 1879).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled 'Tillerstick TARANTELLA [#187704es]'. With notes 'Hickory tiller' and '[in blue pencil:] # 2 [#187703es JOHN GILPIN (No 2)] - 3 [#187705es TEASER (No 3)] - 4 [#187701es ARION (No 4)] - 5 [#187704es TARANTELLA (No 5)] - [In red pencil:] 6 [#187801es DUPLEX (No 6)] - 7 [#187805es ZARIFA (No 7)] - 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)]'. With further notes in red pencil '15in long for # 8 [LODOLA]' and '15in for # 8. The two made together 120deg apart'." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00190. Folder [no #]. No date (between 1877-04 and 1877-07 with additions in 1878 and 1879).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled 'TARANTELLA [#187704es]. April 1877' and showing details of the steering linkages. With notes '2 of this, close eyes' and '4 of this (2 into eye bolts and 2 into steering yoke). All galvanized' and '4 of this (2 to be made into B & C)' and 'See truss[?] of arm' and '[in blue pencil] Thus for # 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)]'." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00240. Folder [no #]. No date (1877-04 with addition in 1879).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled 'TARANTELLA [#187704es]. Ap[ril] 1877'. With notes 'Mast' and 'Back bone. Spruce 2in x 4in' and 'Iron 2in wide 1/4in thick 15in long' and 'One of this to be made into A' and '[in blue pencil:] # 2 [#187703es JOHN GILPIN (No 2)] - 3 [#187705es TEASER (No 3)] - 4 [#187701es ARION (No 4)] - 5 [#187704es TARANTELLA (No 5)] - [In red pencil:] 6 [#187801es DUPLEX (No 6)] - 7 [#187805es ZARIFA (No 7)] - 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)]'. With further notes in red pencil 'Without eyes and strops for # 8 [LODOLA]'." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00250. Folder [no #]. 1877-04 (with additions in 1878 and 1879).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled 'TARANTELLA [#187704es]. May 2nd, 1877. Main boom end' and showing NGH's seminal ball joints for his catamarans with articulating hulls. With notes 'Bowsprit shrouds' and ' To forward end back bone' and 'Ash'. Also, in red pencil, changes to the drawing and a note '# 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)] - 4-3/8 bolt 3 7/8 long) Heads all down'. Undated (1877, with addition in 1879)." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00160. Folder [no #]. 1877-05-02 ( with addition in 1879).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on smudged and creased paper titled 'Mast. TARANTELLA [#187704es]. Apr[il] 1877. Mast heel step'. With note '[In blue pencil:] Nos. 2 [#187703es JOHN GILPIN (No 2)] - 3 [#187705es TEASER (No 3)] - 4 [#187701es ARION (No 4)] - 5 [#187704es TARANTELLA (No 5)] - [In red pencil:] 6 [#187801es DUPLEX (No 6)] - 7 [#187805es ZARIFA (No 7)] - [In pencil:] Hunkers[?] [In red and black pencil:] - 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)]'. With further notes in pencil ''3/8in steel. 7/16 iron. 1/2 for nos 6 and 7 [and] 8]' and Bobstay' and 'One of this' and 'Norway iron'. With a burned hole which looks like a forged part was held too close to the drawing to see if the correct angle had been forged. " (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00170. Folder [no #]. 1877-04 ( with additions in 1878 and 1879).)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled note 'Bills payable' on recto. On verso penciled tabulated financial data titled 'Statement. Deposits in Dec[ember] 31st 1883' and containing what appears to be a calculation of NGH's net worth at the time. Including dollar valuations of various bank accounts, shareholdings in HMCo (125 shares valued at $12500) and two railroads, 'Amount invested in Love Rocks to date $9773.39', 'Estimated value of yacht CONSUELO [#400s] and small boats [#188302es, #188303es] $3000', 'Estimated value of catamaran LODOLA [#187903es] $700', 'Estimated value of Ice Boat and RIVIERA [#187406es] $90', 'Tools $120.00', 'Books, Furniture, etc. $500', '2 Patents, Catamaran and Regulator $100.00', '1/2 Patent Regulator $0.00'." (Source: Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item MR_65240. Note. Unidentif. / Non-Cataloged, Folder 182?, formerly 133?. 1883-12-31.)
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"[Item Description:] Penciled construction detail plan on brown paper titled 'Amidships joint. Catamarans nos. 2 [#187703es JOHN GILPIN (No 2)] - 3 [#187705es TEASER (No 3)] - 4 [#187701es ARION (No 4)] - 5 [#187704es TARANTELLA (No 5)] in 1877 - 6 [#187801es DUPLEX (No 6)] - 7 [#187805es ZARIFA (No 7)] - Hunkers[?] in 1878 - 8 [#187903es LODOLA (No 8)] [in] 1879'. (Undated, filed with other plans from 1877 for TARANTELLA, but style and condition of this plan plus reference to modern ball joint pattern 12252 from August 1933 indicate that NGH created this plan in 1933 for #1232s AMARYLLIS 2)." (Source: Herreshoff, N.G. (creator). Penciled Detail Plan. Halsey C. Herreshoff Collection at the Herreshoff Marine Museum Item WRDT03_00200. Folder [no #]. No date (1933-08 ?).)
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"[Item Transcription:] [Typed signed letter:] 'Dear Sir: We acknowledge your letter of May 9th and are pleased to advise as follows:
Between the years 1879 and about 1885 My Father built six or seven catamarans, varying in length from 25 to 30 feet. He used to say that their top speed was about 20 statute miles per hour [=17.38kn]. This was of course, with the wind on the quarter in a strong breeze, and, smooth sea. He used to tell storys [sic] about racing the Fall River Line Steamer while running down the bay between Fall River and Newport, in a strong Northwest breeze. He said the catamaran could easily beat the steamer in the comparatively shoal water of upper Mt. Hope Bay; but as they reached deeper water the steamer would gradually work ahead during the interval between puffs of wind. My Father has often said that he had greater pleasure in sailing these boats than any other kind of craft.
In the Summer of 1933 we built a near replica [#1232s AMARYLLIS] of his last catamaran [#187903es LODOLA] for Mr. Keller of the Chrysler Company. She was fitted with a Kenyon Speedometer, and in our trials at Bristol, the highest speed indicated on this instrument was about 19-3/4 Statute miles per hour. This craft was used for several seasons on Lake St. Clair and is now in the Ford Museum at Detroit. The hulls are 33 ft. long, 28 in. wide and 16 ft. apart. Her original sail area was 900 Sq.Ft. later cut down to 750. She weighed about 3000 lbs.
The displacement of RELIANCE [#605s] was approximately 175 tons.
I trust we have given you the desired information.
Very truly yours, ...'" (Source: Herreshoff, A. Sidney deW. Letter to Cookin, S.R. MIT Museum, Hart Nautical Collections, Haffenreffer-Herreshoff Collection Item HH.6.048. Box HAFH.6.2B, Folder Catamaran. 1941-05-16.)
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Note: This list of archival documents contains in an unedited form any and all which mention #187903es Lodola [Goody-Two-Shoes] (No 8) even if just in a cursory way. Permission to digitize, transcribe and display is gratefully acknowledged.

• Lodola
• Note: The L. Francis Herreshoff index cards comprise a set of some 1200 cards about vessels built by HMCo, with dimensions and / or ownership information. Apparently compiled in the early 1930s, for later HMCo-built boats like the Fishers Island 23s or the Northeast Harbor 30s are not included. Added to in later decades, apparently by L. F. Herreshoff as well as his long-time secretary Muriel Vaughn and others. Also 46 cards of L. F. Herreshoff-designed vessels. The original set of index cards is held by the Herreshoff Marine Museum and permission to display is gratefully acknowledged.

Name: Lodolo [sic, i.e. Lodola]
Type: 30' catamaran
Owner: N. G. Herreshoff
Year: 1879
Row No.: 377

Source: Herreshoff, L. Francis. "Partial List of Herreshoff-Built Boats." In: Herreshoff, L. Francis. Capt. Nat Herreshoff. The Wizard of Bristol. New York, 1953, p. 325-343.

"Even though both Goody-Two-Shoes and Lodola were mentioned by name by NGH as well as by other outside sources, it is now believed that this was one and the same boat, it first being known as Goody-Two-Shoes and then as Lodola.
NGH's cash accounts for 1879 show expenses related to the building of just one, not two catamarans. The New York Herald of June 29, 1879 reporting about 'Mr. Herreshoff's latest catamaran, Goodie-Two-Shoes[sic]' (and a reprint shortly after in Forest & Stream) appears to be the only contemporary account of Goody-Two-Shoes. NGH himself in 1879 referred to the boat he was building only as 'catamaran' or 'catamaran # 8'. The next year, 1880, he called his catamaran 'Lodola'.
NGH himself mentioned the name Goody-Two-Shoes only many years later, in his reminiscences written after 1927. In 1934 he wrote: 'My next venture in sailing craft was the catamaran Goody-Two-Shoes (# 7), in the spring of 1879. This boat was fitted with a tall, stayed mast and leg-o-mutton mainsail. The sail was cut too flat, and she proved dull in light winds, but good in fresh breezes. I soon sold her to go to San Francisco.' The quote is significant because we know that his seventh catamaran #187805es was built one year earlier, in 1878, and it was indeed sold after a brief testing time to San Francisco where it became known as Zarifa. The sale of this seventh catamaran to Robert Hall in San Francisco is well documented in NGH's cash accounts, but no other catamaran sale to San Francisco can be found in NGH's accounts nor in his later reminiscences (he did mention Lodola, as having owned her for many years and being 'the best of the tribe', though). But note that on February 19, 1885 Forest & Stream reported 'The first catamaran was sent [to San Francisco] by rail in 1880...'. We know that the first catamaran was sent to San Francisco by ship in 1878/1879, so this report is certainly partially wrong even though there is a possibility that indeed a second catamaran was sent by rail in 1880. (Source: van der Linde, Claas. June 1, 2019.)

Note: Research notes contain information about a vessel that is often random and unedited but has been deemed useful for future research.